What is BIG DATA?

 What is BIG DATA?

 Large and complicated data collections that are difficult to manage, handle, or analyse using conventional data processing techniques are referred to as "big data." Usually, it involves data that is too large, varied, or changing too quickly for conventional data processing tools and procedures to handle well.

Big Data categories 

Structured data: Including all necessary columns in a structured schema. It is organised in a table. The relational database management system stores structured data.

Semi-structured: For semi-structured data, such as JSON, XML, CSV, TSV, and email, the schema is not well defined. Systems for online transaction processing, or OLTP, are designed to handle semi-structured data. It is kept in relations, often known as tables.

Unstructured Data: Unstructured data includes all unstructured files, including log files, audio files, and image files. Many organisations have access to data, but because the data is raw, they are unable to determine its worth.

Quasi-structured Data: The data format includes textual information that is formatted in a variety of inconsistent ways.

The three V's—commonly referred to as the three main characteristics of "big data"—include the following:

Volume : Large-scale data created from numerous sources, including social media, sensors, financial activities, and more. In most cases, the amount of data is expressed in terabytes, petabytes, or even bigger units.

Velocity : Big data is produced quickly, frequently in real-time or very close to it. This comprises data streams from online transactions, log files, sensors, and other sources as well as social media updates. In order to handle big data, it is essential to have rapid data collecting and processing capabilities.

Variety  : Structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data are all included in the concept of big data. Semi-structured data comprises formats like XML or JSON, whereas structured data refers to the conventionally organised data found in databases. Text, pictures, videos, social media posts, and other data kinds without a predetermined structure are referred to as unstructured data.

Veracity : Veracity refers to how trustworthy the data is. It can filter or convert data in a variety of ways. Veracity is the ability to effectively handle and manage data. Big Data is crucial for corporate growth as well. Instagram posts with hashtags, for instance.

Value : Big data must have value in order to exist. We do not store or process the data. We store, process, and also do analyses on trustworthy and valuable data.

Facebook posts with hashtags, for instance.

Big data has grown in significance across a range of sectors and professions, including commerce, medicine, finance, marketing, and science. Organisations may learn important lessons from big data analysis, take well-informed decisions, spot patterns and trends, enhance workflows, and develop predictive models. Big data, however, also presents difficulties in terms of data protection, processing speed, and analysis methods, necessitating the use of specialised tools and technologies like distributed computing, cloud computing, and machine learning algorithms.

Students will also study 

1. Volume
2. Velocity
3. Variety
4. Data analytics
5. Data mining
6. Data processing
7. Data storage
8. Data integration
9. Data visualization
10. Data-driven decision-making
11. Machine learning
12. Artificial intelligence
13. Predictive analytics
14. Hadoop
15. Distributed computing
16. Cloud computing
17. Data warehousing
18. Data cleansing
19. Data governance
20. Data privacy
21. Data security
22. Streaming data
23. Real-time analytics
24. Scalability
25. Internet of Things (IoT)

Web application testing's objectives

 Web testing: What is it?

Prior to going live and becoming publicly available, web testing, also known as website testing, involves reviewing your web application or website for potential flaws. Web testing examines the website or web application's performance, compatibility, security, and usability.

Web application testing's objectives are to make sure the web application works properly and fulfils the needs and expectations of its users.

The main objectives of web application testing are as follows:

Functionality testing: To verify that all the functions of the web application are working correctly as expected and meet the business requirements.

Performance testing: To determine the responsiveness, speed, stability, scalability, and resource utilization of the web application under various load conditions.

Security testing: To identify and resolve security vulnerabilities and ensure that sensitive data is protected from unauthorized access.

Usability testing: To ensure that the web application is user-friendly, easy to navigate, and meets the needs of its users.

Compatibility testing: To verify that the web application works seamlessly across different platforms, browsers, and devices.

Accessibility testing: To ensure that the web application is accessible to users with disabilities and meets the requirements of accessibility standards.

Localization testing: To verify that the web application functions correctly in different languages and cultures and meets the requirements of localization standards.

By conducting these tests, web application testers can ensure that the web application is of high quality, meets the expectations of its users, and delivers a positive user experience.

web design from evolutionary perspective of web application

 

The progressive evolution and advancement of web design over time is referred to as the evolutionary perspective of web application design. Simple, text-based web sites have given way to sophisticated, interactive programmed that combine multimedia, animation, and other cutting-edge elements. 

 Here are some of the key milestones in the evolution of web application design:

Static HTML: The earliest web pages were simple, static HTML pages that displayed basic text and images.

Dynamic HTML: With the development of scripting languages such as JavaScript, web designers were able to create more interactive and dynamic web pages that responded to user input and changed dynamically.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): The introduction of CSS allowed web designers to separate the presentation and layout of web pages from their content, making it easier to create and maintain complex layouts.

Web 2.0: The emergence of Web 2.0 in the early 2000s brought about a shift towards more user-centered design, social interaction, and dynamic content. This led to the development of web applications such as blogs, wikis, and social media platforms.

Responsive design: With the proliferation of mobile devices, web designers began focusing on creating responsive designs that could adapt to different screen sizes and orientations.

Material design: Material design, introduced by Google in 2014, is a design language that incorporates bold colors, clean typography, and three-dimensional elements to create a consistent and intuitive user interface across all Google products.

Progressive web apps (PWAs): PWAs are web applications that provide a native app-like experience, including offline capabilities, push notifications, and full-screen mode.

Overall, web design has come a long way since its early days, and it continues to evolve as new technologies and design trends emerge. The focus has shifted from static pages to dynamic, interactive applications that provide a seamless and intuitive user experience across all devices and platforms.

Are also imp point to study further 

User experience (UX)

User interface (UI)

Responsive design

Mobile-first design

Wireframes

Prototyping

Typography

Color theory

Graphic design

Layout

Navigation

Information architecture

Front-end development

Back-end development

Content management system (CMS)

HTML

CSS

JavaScript

Accessibility

Search engine optimization (SEO)

Web hosting

Explain Web Application Design

 

Web design refers to the process of planning, creating, and maintaining websites. It involves several disciplines, including graphic design, user experience (UX) design, and front-end development. The goal of web design is to create a visually appealing and functional website that provides a positive user experience.

The web design process typically involves several stages, including:

Planning: This stage involves defining the project scope, identifying the target audience, and determining the website's goals and objectives. It also involves creating a site map and wireframes to define the site's structure and content.

Design: This stage involves creating the visual design of the website, including the layout, color scheme, typography, and imagery. The design should be consistent with the brand identity and appeal to the target audience.

Development: This stage involves writing the code and creating the functional elements of the website. It includes front-end development, which involves creating the user interface and interactive elements, and back-end development, which involves creating the server-side functionality.

Testing: This stage involves testing the website for functionality, usability, and performance. It includes debugging any issues and ensuring that the website is responsive and works well across different devices and browsers.

Deployment: This stage involves launching the website and making it available to the public. It includes configuring the hosting environment, uploading the website files, and setting up the domain name and DNS.

Maintenance: This stage involves ongoing maintenance and updates to ensure that the website remains secure, up-to-date, and functional. It includes regular backups, security updates, and content updates.

Overall, web design plays a crucial role in creating a successful online presence. A well-designed website can attract and retain visitors, convey the brand's message, and provide a positive user experience.

Are also imp point to study further 

User experience (UX)

User interface (UI)

Responsive design

Mobile-first design

Wireframes

Prototyping

Typography

Color theory

Graphic design

Layout

Navigation

Information architecture

Front-end development

Back-end development

Content management system (CMS)

HTML

CSS

JavaScript

Accessibility

Search engine optimization (SEO)

Web hosting

What is Web Application Testing?

 The practice of testing a web-based software application to find and fix problems that may influence its usability, functionality, security, and overall performance is known as web application testing.

 There are many different kinds of tests that are conducted during the testing process, including functional tests, performance tests, security tests, and user interface tests, among others.

Several popular kinds of web application testing are listed below:

Functional testing: This sort of testing examines an application's functionality to see whether it satisfies the needs of the business. It entails testing the application's many features and operations to ensure that they function as intended.

Performance testing: This kind of testing determines how well the application performs under various loads and circumstances to make sure it can withstand the anticipated traffic and usage. It

Testing for security: This kind of testing examines the application's security to make sure it is guarded against common security threats including hacking, unauthorised access, and data breaches.

User interface testing: This kind of testing assesses the user interface of the application to make sure that it is simple to use, intuitive, and offers a good user experience.

Testing for compatibility: This type of testing determines whether a programme is compatible with different operating systems, mobile devices, and browsers to make sure it performs as intended in a variety of settings.

Regression testing: This sort of testing examines the application following any updates or modifications to make sure that no new problems or effects on current functionality have been brought about by the changes.

Are also imp point to study further

Functional testing

Performance testing

Security testing

User interface testing

Compatibility testing

Regression testing

Test plan

Test case

Test script

Test automation

Test environment

Load testing

Stress testing

Penetration testing

Vulnerability testing

Cross-site scripting (XSS)

SQL injection

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)

Broken authentication and session management

OWASP Top 10

Black box testing

White box testing

Gray box testing

Code review

Defect tracking

Test reporting

Test coverage

Test data

Test suite

Test execution

Explain Quality management of web project

 

Quality management is a critical aspect of any web project. Here are some steps that can be taken to ensure that your web project meets the highest quality standards:

Define Quality: Start by defining what quality means to you and your stakeholders. What are the objectives and expectations? What are the standards and criteria for measuring success?

Develop a Plan: Create a quality management plan that outlines the specific activities and tasks that will be carried out to ensure quality throughout the project lifecycle. This plan should include quality assurance activities like reviews, testing, and inspections.

Establish Quality Standards: Establish quality standards that align with the project objectives and expectations. These standards should be specific, measurable, and realistic, and should cover all aspects of the project including design, functionality, usability, and performance.

Identify and Manage Risks: Identify potential risks that could affect the quality of the project and develop strategies for managing those risks. This may include conducting risk assessments, developing contingency plans, and implementing risk mitigation measures.

Conduct Quality Reviews: Conduct regular reviews throughout the project lifecycle to ensure that quality standards are being met. These reviews can include peer reviews, design reviews, code reviews, and usability testing.

Test, Test, Test: Test the project thoroughly to identify and fix any issues before launch. This includes functional testing, performance testing, usability testing, and security testing.

Monitor and Measure Quality: Monitor the quality of the project after launch to ensure that it continues to meet the established standards.

This may include collecting feedback from users, tracking performance metrics, and conducting periodic reviews.

By following these steps, you can ensure that your web project meets the highest quality standards and delivers the desired results for your stakeholders.

 

Students can also study further

Quality assurance

Quality control

Total quality management

Continuous improvement

Quality standards

Quality metrics

Quality management systems

Quality audits

Quality improvement

ISO standards

Six Sigma

Lean management

Process improvement

Customer satisfaction

Root cause analysis

Statistical process control

Quality training

Quality management tools

Quality culture

Quality objectives

Explain web project change management

Change management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. It involves understanding, planning, implementing, and monitoring changes in processes, technology, and culture to achieve organizational goals and objectives. change management process includes:

1. Request for change
2. Impact Analysis
3. Approve/ Deny
4. Implement Change
5. Review/ Reporting

Change management is an essential part of web project management, as web projects often involve the implementation of new technologies, changes to business processes, and cultural shifts within the organization. Here are some key considerations for change management in web project management:

Identify the need for change: Start by identifying the need for change and clearly defining the goals and objectives of the project. This will help to ensure that all stakeholders are aligned with the project's purpose and understand why change is necessary.

Plan for change: Develop a plan for change that includes timelines, resources, and clear goals and objectives. This plan should be communicated to all stakeholders and should include a detailed description of the change process, including the steps that will be taken to manage the change.

Communicate with stakeholders: Communication is critical in web project change management. You should communicate the change process, the benefits of the change, and how the change will impact stakeholders. Engage stakeholders in the change process and ensure they understand their role in the project.

Manage resistance to change: Resistance to change is common, and it's important to manage it effectively. Identify potential resistance, address concerns and questions, and provide adequate training to help stakeholders understand the change.

Monitor and evaluate change: Monitor the progress of the change and evaluate the impact on the organization. This will help to identify any issues and provide insight into areas where further improvement is needed.

By following these steps, you can effectively manage change in web projects and ensure a smooth transition to the desired future state.

Students can also study further

Change management plan

Stakeholder engagement

Resistance to change

Communication plan

Project scope and objectives

Impact assessment

Business process improvement

Cultural shift

Training and education

Risk management

Change control

Project governance

Project management methodology

Project schedule and timelines

Project budget

Quality control and assurance

Project team collaboration

Monitoring and evaluation

Post-implementation review

Lessons learned.